Imagine powering your organisation with clean, renewable energy while keeping costs under control. Well, a Solar Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) could help you achieve that.
A Solar PPA is a long-term contract allowing your business to procure electricity directly from a renewable power generator. This can consist of solar energy generated from on-site panels or offsite grid connected solar farms. This allows solar to be purchased as a commodity at a relatively low generation cost compared to forward energy market prices.
There are many different types of Solar PPAs–which I’ll discuss a little later in this article–so you can choose which type works best for your organisation.
Types of Solar PPAs
There are many different types of Solar PPAs, so you can choose which type works best for your organisation.
On-site PPAs
Commercial Solar PPA: This contract typically lasts 15 to 20 years and requires no upfront investment from you. The solar company takes care of everything—from designing and financing to building, operating, and maintaining the solar system at your site. You simply pay a fixed rate per kWh for the electricity generated, which is usually lower than the rates from the grid. This arrangement helps you reduce your reliance on carbon-intensive energy sources, maximise energy savings, and gain better control over your costs.
Private Wire PPA: Similar to the Commercial Solar PPA, this type utilises ground-mounted solar panels installed on nearby land. Electricity is transmitted directly to your site through a “private wire.” Like the Commercial PPA, it typically lasts 15 to 20 years and allows you to decrease your reliance on grid power while cutting costs and carbon emissions.
Off-site PPAs
Offsite PPAs are sourced from grid-scale generation assets, commonly categorised as “sleeved” or “virtual” PPAs. They offer several advantages over onsite PPAs:
The solar system can be built in optimal locations, ensuring higher efficiency.
Energy purchase amounts aren’t limited by your site’s capacity.
Contracts can be flexible, adapting to multiple sites or relocating if necessary.
Sleeved PPAs: Also known as corporate PPAs, these agreements involve you, an energy retailer, and an offsite renewable generation source. Typically, they are take-or-pay contracts, where you commit to purchasing a fixed volume of energy at a predetermined price. The retailer takes delivery of the renewable energy and incorporates it into your supply contract, often allowing up to 70% of your demand to be met by renewable sources. These contracts can range from 10 to 20 years, with shorter terms usually carrying a premium.
Virtual PPAs: Virtual PPAs, or synthetic PPAs, are structured as contracts-for-difference. They include a strike price for the generated electricity; if market prices fall below this price, you pay the generator the difference, and vice versa. This structure offers flexibility in the amount and location of energy supplied and can support multi-site models.
The New Zealand Energy Market
In New Zealand, the energy market is largely shaped by a handful of key players, with Contact, Genesis, Mercury, and Meridian accounting for around 90% of the electricity supply. This has historically limited options for large businesses seeking to secure energy directly from generators, as most businesses are seen as too small for generators to take notice. As a result, they have to deal with retailers where the cost of generation is defined by the market.
However, a wave of independent renewable energy companies is shaking things up. Collaborations like the recent partnerships between Ryman Healthcare, Mercury, and Solar Bay, or The Warehouse Group and Lodestone Energy, or Inghams and Lodestone Energy, are paving the way for organisations like yours to lock in long-term contracts at competitive rates.
How Total Utilities Can Help
Total Utilities offers PPA consultation services as part of our broader energy procurement solutions. As an independent advisor, we assess a wide range of options without bias, ensuring that we recommend the most suitable PPA strategy for your organisation.
To learn more about investing in an onsite or offsite Solar PPA, speak to our experts today.
We are delighted to announce that as of February 2021 we are Toitū carbonzero certified. This means our commitment to taking positive action on climate change has been officially recognised.
We walk the sustainability talk by managing and reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, wherever we can, and neutralising our unavoidable emissions.
Who is Toitū and what is Toitū Envirocare Carbonzero?
Enviro-Mark Solutions is now Toitū Envirocare. Toitū means “to sustain continually”. It asks us to work together continuously to care for our planet, people and communities. Toitū connects actions with outcomes and asks us to hold fast to the land, to our pride and to all living things.
Toitū carbonzero certifications “meet and exceed the requirements of ISO standards and ensure consistent and comprehensive reporting, benchmarking and management under international best practice”.
Total Utilities’ Carbonzero facts and targets
Our company emissions are quite small at 20.57 tCO2e, but we know we can do better.
That’s why we have set an ambitious, yet achievable, annual target of reducing our baseline emissions of 10% per year over the next three (financial) years.
Most of our emissions come from land transport – 80% is petrol and diesel use – and the remaining is domestic air travel and electricity (see graph below). The obvious next step is to be smarter around our travel choices, yet still deliver excellent service and competitive pricing.
Total Utilities’ Carbon Reduction Goals
Total Utilities will do the following to reduce our emissions.
Prioritising online meetings over travelling to meetings – where possible and practical.
Grouping client visits where possible if travelling a distance, this includes national travel and domestic flights.
Using recycled packaging and choosing courier services that have sustainability programmes in place.
Caring for people and the planet
Rather than buying carbon offsets, we have decided to support renewables-based projects that benefit at-risk communities. This means that along with contributing to renewable energy initiatives, we are also doing our bit to create jobs and improve the overall health and wellbeing of these communities.
We all benefit from sustainable action
We are thrilled that we can join a growing collective of hundreds of organisations who are leading the way to a low carbon future.
But it doesn’t stop there. At Total Utilities we have the skills and the experience to support more New Zealand businesses to measure, manage and reduce their carbon emissions and energy consumption. When you switch to renewable energy sources and manage your energy consumption, you not only reduce your transport and power bills, but you can limit your environmental impact too.
Our hope is that in being open about our sustainability targets and our progress, we will inspire you to make positive changes to the way you use and consume energy for a thriving Aotearoa.
The deployment of grid‐connected photovoltaic (solar PV) systems continues to grow at an impressive rate. In 2018, there was a 30% increase in systems implemented and it continues to move forward.
Most of this growth involves residential systems, which have an 80% share of the connected capacity in NZ.
Where’s the growth in commercial solar pv systems? Why are the industrial and commercial sectors lagging behind?
The following article was written by Perry Hutchinson, who holds a Master of Engineering Studies in Renewable Energy Systems and has 30+ years of experience designing and implementing industrial electrical systems.
One benefit drives decisions about solar PV for industrial/commercial use…
Commercial Solar Power System Cost
The New Zealand Smart Grid Forum identified that although residential consumers consider a range of potential benefits ‐ such as energy independence, environmental impact and a desire to participate in the technology ‐ sound economics is what drives industrial and commercial consumers.
So the challenge in photovoltaic design is to present solar as a viable business investment in New Zealand, even though we lack the government subsidies and generous feed‐in tariffs enjoyed in many other countries.
What is a feed‐in tariff?
Feed‐in tariffs (FIT) offer you a defined payment for the energy you feed into the grid from your solar PV system. In New Zealand, this can be as low as $0.04/kWh.
When generous feed‐in tariffs are available, the key constraint to system size is essentially the available space for the PV array; for viable projects, the bigger you build it, the greater the return.
However, having low feed‐in tariffs changes the whole approach to system design. There is a tipping point where increased size (and increased investment) actually results in diminishing returns.
Forget feed‐in tariffs. Focus on offsetting electricity costs
The viability of a PV system (photovoltaic system) with low feed‐in tariffs depends on offsetting electricity cost. And offsetting electricity cost depends on discovering the optimal level of self‐consumption.
There is a tipping point for self‐consumption with on‐grid PV systems. This is the maximum size of the system where we still achieve 100% self‐consumption. Building the system larger than this results in some of the PV generation being fed back to the grid and therefore, self‐consumption starts to fall.
Generation Profile for commercial solar power systems
But with the generation profile changing ‐ not only seasonally, but also daily and hourly ‐ what is this optimal level of self‐consumption? A system size maximised for 100% self‐ consumption in summer will fall short of that in winter. Conversely, a system size maximised for winter will over‐generate in the summer (and lower self‐consumption as surplus is fed back to the grid).
Load Profile for commercial solar power systems
In addition to this, load profile must also be considered. What if the load is biased towards the morning or biased towards the afternoon? This could impact the optimal direction you orient the array (the azimuth). For example, a more westerly orientation may be better for load profiles with an afternoon bias.
Tariff Structures for commercial solar power systems
Tariff structures could have a similar effect. We have worked with clients with quite complex tariff structures that could influence array configuration. For example, high morning tariffs could mean a more easterly orientation is better.
Obviously, each situation is unique and requires something more than an “out of the box” solution due to the complex interplay between these constantly changing variables – the solar resource, load profile and tariff structure.
Our approach to getting Solar Power right
Traditionally, a project’s net present value (NPV) is used to evaluate and prioritise projects. NPV takes into account the time value of net cashflows over the life of a project by applying a discount rate.
But rather than treating this as an “endpoint” calculation, at Pacific Energy we use NPV to optimise the PV design.
We model a system on an hourly basis over a year using NIWA weather data, the tariff structure and load profile from the time‐of‐use meter as the key inputs. The model then finds the optimal combination of size, tilt and azimuth that maximises the NPV of the project over its 25‐year life.
The maximised NPV reflects the optimal level of self‐consumption for the system which in our experience can be anywhere between 85 – 95% on an annual basis. This provides the starting point for more detailed design to be undertaken.
For solar projects, Total Utilities partners with Pacific Energy whose focus is on bringing sustainable energy projects to life.
By combining sharp economic analysis with a deep understanding of industrial power systems, they design and specify viable and pragmatic solutions that optimise energy use and reduce carbon footprint. They are experts in system analysis and provide unbiased, independent advice for investment decisions.
Improve manufacturing operations and cut costs by setting operational efficiency KPIs.
In the last 3 months the global economy has been turned on it’s head due to the Covid-19 pandemic. In light of this, manufacturers are faced with the pressures of producing more high-quality goods, with less money, time and resources. Regulations are becoming more stringent and competition is growing in a smaller market.
To achieve the goals of lean operation, industrial manufacturers need to constantly monitor, benchmark and improve.
KPIs can prove a valuable gauge of progress, helping manufacturers to set and achieve their business goals and maintain critical business resiliency.
1. Optimise maintenance schedules
Many manufacturers still operate preventative maintenance schedules. Preventative maintenance is costly because only 15% to 20% of all components fail after a predictable time. Reducing operational costs means approaching maintenance in a new way.
A predictive maintenance program – servicing machines based on need-based early stage notifications – is much more efficient than a Fixed Time Maintenance (FTM) Preventative Program.
This allows manufacturers to be proactive, rather than reactive when it comes to equipment repairs and operational downtime. They can make informed decisions, based on transparency and a pattern that is most suitable to their business.
Reduced costs and eliminated outages should be demonstrable when manufacturers transition to a predictive maintenance mode and track overall downtime.
2. Improve true downtime cost (TDC) and downtime percentage
Consider the true cost of unplanned downtime. Do you know what the cost of downtime is to your business? Decreasing downtime and improving operational efficiencies can save manufacturers millions of dollars.
By calculating your True Downtime Cost and showing measured improvements in this realm, you can illustrate saved time and money, as well as reduced waste and create a data-driven, quantifiable resiliency plan.
Understanding true costs can also help you to make cost justification within day-to-day management decisions.
3. Improve Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY)
RTY is the probability that a single unit can pass through a series of process steps free of defects. Acceptable Rolled Throughput Yield is dependent upon a very high individual first time yield for each process. It is the sum of the parts measurement that is most critical to overall operational efficiency.
RTY is a great operational efficiency KPI to track as it alerts manufacturers to the health of their entire operation, rolling all processes into a single measurement.
4. Maximizing capacity utilisation
Diminish the cost of owning and maintaining equipment by using equipment to its full capacity.
By measuring the output that is actually produced and comparing it to its potential maximum output, manufacturers can understand the efficiency of their operation. Increasing capacity utilisation increases overall efficiency.
An OEE score presents “an accurate picture of how effectively your manufacturing process is running. And, it makes it easy to track improvements in that process over time.”
Conclusion
These Operational Efficiency KPIs will give you an indication of the overall efficiency of your operation and a real sense of your resiliency needs.
Any downward trends in performance will require deeper analysis. Manufacturers should also look at processes, systems, and the performance of equipment.
With improved visibility and intelligent use of smart technologies throughout the plant, manufacturers can take a leap forward when boosting operational efficiency throughout the business. Using real-time data allows you to plan, in a quantifiable way, the need for a backup plan.
Talk to us to learn more about how energy insights can drive your energy and resilience strategy.
If you don’t know precisely how, when and where energy is being used across your business, how can you understand where your energy costs really lie, or the best opportunities to improve energy and operational performance?
Working together with Centrica Business Solutions, Total Utilities is the exclusive partner delivering the Energy Insight product solution to the New Zealand market. Using Centrica’s wireless sensor technology, you can monitor energy usage in real-time – right down to device and equipment level. When this information is relayed to our PowerRadarTM analysis platform, you can access the intelligence you need to develop a data-driven energy strategy.
The Power of IoT
Our Internet of Things (IoT) technology is providing the deep energy insights that uncover flexibility and value in your operations and generation assets. This is a ‘game changer’ in raising energy performance across all types of organisations – from manufacturing and leisure – to healthcare and education.
Energy Insight technology provides full visibility of energy usage across your site, or multiple sites – right down to individual device level. We attach self-powered, wireless sensors to equipment and processes, such as conveyor belts, lighting circuits, chillers, or any other energy consuming assets.
This instantly transmits real-time data to our cloud-based PowerRadar analytics and reporting platform. You can then access this intelligence to inform your decision making and improve efficiencies.
Deep energy insights
Hundreds of sensors, which can measure both heat and power consumption, can be installed within a few hours and won’t cause disruption to operations. Data provided by our IoT technology enables organisations to quickly identify and resolve energy waste. It can also pinpoint opportunities to reduce high peak-time energy costs by moderating consumption in these periods.
The biggest gains of IoT energy insights are often seen in improved operational efficiency and business resilience. By ensuring that critical equipment is operating optimally and preventing costly disruption, or even breakdown, large operational cost savings can be achieved. Continuity of operations is also assured, which is particularly beneficial in manufacturing environments.
The results of IoT energy optimisation
We’re seeing the positive results of our IoT enabled energy optimisation across all business sectors, including Progressive Enterprises New Zealand.
